jammy.greeny@talk21.com asked:


Archaeology: How come some buildings that are only a few hundred years old are under the ground, but other buidlings that are are the same age or older are still standing above the ground?

I watched Time Team at Buckingham palace recently, but I could not understand that the palace is up but (westminster abbey is pretty old, how come that is not under the gorund?) other buildings are under ground. If the buildings that are undergound are older they must not have be much older, so should I expect Buckingham palace just to dissapear underground in my life time?

Doris

Michiel Van Kets asked:


C. Jason Smith is an associate professor at the City University of New York, LaGuardia and founder of the freelance writing collective Discipline & Publish. Visit www.yale.edu/egyptology/ ae.htm for more information on Yale’s archaeological activities in Egypt.

Hundreds of viper trails covered the sand before them. The Egyptologists could only hope that the serpents themselves were long gone as they made their way off the ancient desert road towards the limestone cliffs.

First to reach the wall, Dr John Coleman Darnell of Yale University, was surprised to find the surface covered with rough hieroglyphic inscriptions in apparently random patterns. What did they mean?

His past experience in the field led Darnell to think the markings were graffiti. The wall was close enough to an ancient campsite to serve as the common latrine for drivers, merchants and guards. The inscriptions, over 500 counted so far, were the ancient equivalent of writing on the bathroom wall. Darnell was the first person to see that graffiti in possibly 5000 years.

Using standard archaeological methods to measure, record and interpret the inscriptions on this wall could be the work of an entire career, by itself. But Professor Darnell’s plan wasn’t to use conventional techniques in this survey. His team was packing a technological edge that would make quick work of this fascinating new find.

When most people think of Egypt, the Great Pyramids, the Sphinx, Queen Cleopatra, King Ramses II and, of course, the boy king Tutankhamen, spring to mind. In the popular imagination, thanks to explorers like John Carter and classic films such as The Ten Commandments and Cleopatra, Egypt is renowned as an ancient land of mystery whose roots run back to the foundations of human civilisation. It is the Egyptologists who dedicate themselves to uncovering the hidden past of this glorious land.

An author of several books on Egyptology, including Tutankhamun’s Armies, with Colleen Manassa (J. Wiley and Sons, 2007), Professor Darnell is the co-director of the joint Thebian Desert Road Survey and Yale Toshka Desert Survey.

Darnell’s team is working in a harsh environment in the Western Desert, which lies to the west of the Nile in Egypt, Libya and north western Sudan. About 700,000 square km in area, the temperature can rise to over 40 degrees in the midday heat and drop towards zero at night.

The varied terrain includes shifting sand dunes in the Great Sand Sea that can reach hundreds of metres high, and vast, featureless plains of rock and stony plateaux, some reaching 2000 metres.

Although easy to lose yourself in the vastness of the Western Desert, modern satellite imaging and mobile GPS locators mean it is very unlikely to stray completely off ‘mapped’ terrain. However, Professor Darnell says the archaeological map for the region is still quite bare.

Archaeologists are the most meticulous and versatile of explorers, covering vast distances in a few days or mere inches in a month. Their discoveries can vary from massive temples or burial sites to shards of pottery scattered across an endless desert plain. With enough patience, they might be able to construct a complete urn.

A good archaeologist has lots of patience. Although often backbreaking work on hands and knees with shovels and trowels, or lying on the ground for hours searching for tiny shards of pottery amidst pebbles, bits of bone and offal cast away millennia ago, it can provide a goldmine of information about a past world.

The measuring and recording of sites is one the most tedious jobs for an Egyptologist. Typical methods take an inordinate amount of time and meticulous record keeping, both on-site and in the office. Intensive surveys, for example, involve teams of archaeologists walking slowly side-by-side across a site marking each find with a small flag. Each one is then individually recorded and described in detail. The records are then sent off for later review and interpretation.

The on-site work is only part of the vast machine that records, analyses, and archives thousands of observations, measurements and locations. A massive web of record keeping work surrounds each field expedition and binds them together with the larger archaeological record. Without this detailed work, pieces of the puzzle could be misplaced or misinterpreted resulting in whole sites lost in the vastness of the desert.

A few archaeological expeditions have turned up finds that cannot be placed in the historical record because of unclear record keeping. On the other hand, searching through even the most meticulous of records can be a daunting project.

One such example is the legendary City of Troy records of the Heinrich Schliemann, Wilhelm Dörpfeld, and Carl Blegen expeditions, where new date is still being found since its discovery over 70 years ago.

Archaeologists have to think in three dimensions, which make things more difficult. Generally, the deeper into the ground you go, the further back in history you are seeing. For centuries that work has been accomplished with the same basic technologies: rulers, plum-bobs, photographs and maps.

Lost sites have been rediscovered years later, most recently the King Menkauhor pyramid, relocated after 166 years (German archaeologist Karl Richard Lepsius’ reported discovery in 1842 went unconfirmed.)

Darnell was hoping industrial GPS technology could help speed up the process and accuracy of their work.

One logical concern was the learning curve. The professors and their graduate students needed to be able to use the equipment with limited support in the field, as they are the ones who have spent the majority of their lives learning about former cultures and ‘dead’ languages. They’re not professional engineers or surveyors, however their fieldwork does require a specialised understanding of surveying techniques.

In the event, the team went into the field with a Topcon GPT-2005 reflectorless total station. Professors and students underwent training essential to prepare the group for their upcoming expedition.

The team uses the equipment in three ways. First, a lot of time is spent mapping the ancient desert caravan roads that run from Thebaïd to Kharga Oasis. But surveying the road doesn’t only involve drawing lines on the map.

There are ancient campsites and military outposts, some dating back 5000 years, to be identified. That means finding buildings and lots and lots of potshards. Darnell explains: ‘Broken pots were seldom recovered by their original owners, as they were un-reusable. They left them where they fell.’

With the total station, Darnell’s team could place-capture potshards almost instantly. There was no more need for the meticulous record keeping on-site, with GPS technology, a simple point-and-shoot process replaced an immense record keeping apparatus and allowed the Egyptologists to get results very quickly.

They also used the total station to situate the ancient graffiti site – which they named Kom Hefaw, meaning ‘mound of serpents’ – and the specific inscriptions at the sites (over 500 inscriptions so far).

The ability to produce a 3D record, again with a simple point-and-click, saved countless hours of measuring, situating and recording the inscriptions. And they can find their way back to an exact inscription easily.

The total station transformed the archaeologists’ efforts, from laborious manual measurements with tape and plum-bob, allowing for precise measurements in a fraction of the time. They were able to lay in their own specific grid pattern of the site. Even more significantly, the site could be revisited at any later date. This allowed for future expeditions to carry on with the efforts of previous groups.

Darnell has facilitated computerised surveying equipment since 2003. In 2007, he began using a total station – a GPT-7005i – that provides a digital image to correspond with points shot on the ground or a vertical surface, such as a building. It became possible to combine digital imagery and measurement for the first time.

On the ground, the difference was obvious immediately. At Tudenab, the team located an ancient deep well and could produce a 3D digital plan of it practically on-site.

The well was not a complex project, but they had another surprise coming. After assembling their data from the Ghueita Temple site, they were able to generate a 3D model of the temple that could be examined from any angle, whilst sitting in a hotel room in Cairo.

‘We were really surprised,’ said Darnell. ‘We knew it was possible to use the software that way but really never imagined it would be so easy. In the models, you can “walk” right through the building and see the placements of all the major architectural elements. It’s really impressive.’

Using the 3D images – combined with satellite linkages and other technologies – archaeologists from around the world will soon be able to work simultaneously ‘on-site’ from any internet connection.

In the future, Darnell hopes that the GPS technology will continue to help us understand our past and, in so doing, better understand ourselves.



Jeanne

Tami Brady asked:


Like most individuals on this planet, I have spent a good deal of time fantasizing about the life I would have if only I could choose. I would be more confident. I would be more adventurous. I would get more education and get a better paying job. I would choose satisfying and complimentary relationships. I would feel like I had a valid place in this world.

As much time as I spent fantasizing, however, I probably spent even more time wallowing in the misery of my real life and making excuses about why I couldn’t accomplish these things. I began to assume that every day would be the same as the last. I even started to believe that dreams were for kids and for irresponsible people that intended to bounce from one failure to the next.

Then, one day I had an epiphany. At the time, I was a housewife raising three small children. Though I have the amazing ability to stretch a dime into a dollar, money was always extremely tight. My life centered around taking care of my children and finding ways to stretch the budget just to pay for the necessities of life.

I really loved being with my kids. I felt it was an important job and was willing to sacrifice to do what I felt was the right thing for my kids. But I had a good number of aspirations that didn’t involve cleaning up messes, rereading stories for the hundredth time, or playing with bugs in the park. I wanted to be able to pay the bills each month. I wanted to become more confident and able to be part of an adult world. I wanted the freedom and ability to drive my children to various places. I wanted to see and learn a little bit about the world. I wanted to go to university and get my archaeology degree. In short, I wanted to be Tami, the person, and not just Mommy or Mrs. Brady.

For several years, I stewed about my quandary. I had always said I was going to go to university but frankly no one believed I actually would. The most vocal members of my family questioned why I would even want to go to university, especially to take archaeology. Archaeology was a job for single men. The only mothers who would dare train for such a job were simply trying to run away from their responsibilities. I had no intention of abandoning my family and so I eventually decided to give up on my dream.

My brother came to visit one day. We were both venting about our lives and talking about our bleak futures. I told him that I had finally given up on my hope of becoming an archaeologist. He asked me why I had to give up on this dream. I remember him saying “why not”. Rather irritated at my single brother’s grasp of the seemingly obvious, I explained the situation to him: my responsibilities, my lack of finances, my confidence issues, my lack of an adventurous nature, etc.

Over the next few weeks, for some reason, I just kept replaying that conversation in my head. I kept hearing “why not”. Yes, I could list a whole book of reasons why I couldn’t become an archaeologist. Strangely, however, these reasons seemed more like excuses.

I started wondering what I would tell my children if they were in my place. Surely, I wouldn’t tell them to settle and be miserable. I started questioning why I was so willing to run away from a challenge. Finally, I realized that if I didn’t at least try to reach my goals, I was going to regret my decision for the rest of my life.

Within six months of that epiphany, I started taking university classes. I researched and found student funding. I volunteered and then got a part time job at the local museum on weekends so that my husband could watch the kids while I was working. I practiced my driving skills and learned how to take public transit. I pushed myself to interact with other students and resisted my natural urge to run away from the large crowded campus. I scheduled my classes around my children’s school schedule, even taking a few late night classes, so that my children would not require daycare and would never come home to an empty house.

Seven years later, I had earned an undergraduate honours degree in Archaeology and graduate degrees in Archaeology and Heritage, awarded with distinction. I now run my own archaeological consulting company out of my basement. This allows me the freedom to choose my projects so that I don’t have to stay away from my family for long periods of time. It also allows me the option to take on non-archaeological projects such as the writing of this book without the loss of income associated with working part time. Moreover, I found that as I reached towards my goals (sometimes succeeding and sometimes failing in my attempts) that in moving through or around these obstacles and challenges, I became happier in my life and more confident that I could achieve other ambitions that I had. My husband says I also became a lot nicer to be around.

In this way, the phrase “why not” changed my life. Perhaps, you too can change your life simply by asking yourself “why not”.



Jeanette

Sweet Voltaire asked:


I know that there aren’t many jobs out there to begin with, but I’m just wondering if I’d still be able to work in the archaeological field with an anthropology degree. I’m most interested in archaeology, but have been thinking about majoring in anthropology just because it’s more broad.

Peter

jamie a asked:


Currently I am getting my bachelors in History, and I plan on going into Archaeology when I am finished with my History degree.
Is it possible to skip the Masters degree and go strait to the Doctorate, or is a Masters required?

Regina

Dr. Bhudia asked:


Dear Friends of Science and Archaeology,

Megalithic culture of ancient Kutch.

Very less has been investigated about ancient megalithic culture of Kutch during the pre Harappan and Harappan times. Few known places have been investigated some of them are Goniasar , Juni Rayan, Zura Kotadi, Guntali Desalpar, Meghpar Khander vari wadi, Todio timbo, Sarli Tombo, Juna Kotada near Roha and Dholavira. But very little work has been done on the subject and the places. One of such an outstanding place is Jangania near NALIYA in Abadasa, where graves are specifically shaped according to the shape of body.

Generally it is a belief that there are very few such places but it has wide distributed in ancient time in Kutch, and so also need to put more interest in the subject and also in investigations of such cultures.

During our last geo-archaeological expedition in 2007 we visited few megalithic structures in kutch. Namely famous Dholavira and three new places namely Todio (Timbo), Timbo SARLI and Old Kotada near Roha. If photo below is not seen clearly an attachment picture “Ancient Megalithic Structures.jpg” is added to this email. As we see in composed photograph below DHOLAVIRA has similar circular structures (Bottom Rt Corner). we also discovered similar Megalithic structures underground in megalithic places namely Todio (Timbo) (Bottom Lt Corner), Timbo SARLI (Upper Lt Corner). and Old Kotada near Roha (Upper Rt Corner).

So not only few known places do have such hidden culture but is widely distributed all over kutch during ancient time. we have some explanation of our recorded expedition and also a time table below for the ancient Megalithic structures. so we can compare the timings of those structures to relate with the ancient Civilisations in the Kutch during pre Harappan and Harappan times.

Megalithic Civilisation found in ZURA (KOTADI) of KUTCH – Megalithic SAMADHIs (Graves) of Zura Kotadi and potteries and bones

Zura (Jhura) is situated North West of BHUJ (23:24N – 69:39E) is known place for its Geology and History as it says Zura – (Fall due to seismic activity at Jhura) of the Kutch.

But its Geology is also associated with its archaeology and civilisation in that area. Though not much known of the place but local people are aware of the story of those places but far away from the knowledge of Archaeological importance as the area remained unexplored.

2km South and SE region of the Village is the Place called “KOTADI” as many civilisation names. Area has big elevated area TIMBO having stone wall around but hidden underneath. On exploration many of the Pottery found in the area including toys parts and pottery of two different varieties – Red as usual as also black – as in the area of RAMVAV and LAKHAPAR region civilisation in VAGAD – RAPAR area.

Rivers in this region all flows from South West to North EAST- from slops of the Jhuran Mountain slopes towards the Banni planes where there used to be a lake of the water of the rivers Sarasvati and sindhu waters in the Rann of KUTCH.

About 1 Km East of that KOTADI area is the place of the Mystery graves. I would say rather SAMADHIs as I have explained it before as they are the SAMADHIs is a sitting posture and are kept open on the east side of those as are kept in Samadhi rules as explained by Mahant Shree Kishordasji.

Many of such Samadhi are about some distance from the civilisation area as in the Case of GADHVARI VADI civilisation (Meghpar)- one of samadhi was in KHANDERVARI VADI.

Specimens collected from the region confirms those civilisation and Megalithic Samadhis in the region says those to be 2000 BC.

Similar type of Mystery graves of Mystery Shapes (shapes are given to the body shapes) are also in JANGADIA – ABADASA NALIYA -LAKHPAT way. those are also Megalithic times graves.

I would prefer to say those Megalithic SAMADHIs as that can not be defined as an ordinary graves. I also took an expert opinions from Mahant shree Kishordasji of kabir Mandir BHUJ as he is well known personality of the subjects regarding SAMADHIs. We went together there to identify those, and local observation showed that those places has become an open spaces now as a result of environment and weather. and shows skull bones opened from the top side and not the Limb bones. so Those are defined as Sitting SAMADHIs. and east side of those SAMADHIs kept open as seen shadows towards east in the Evening pictures.

prominent for the region’s prehistoric population. Circular graves dating to c. 3000 BC are dotted . stone piled up a round -shaped chamber the site of the first archaeological excavation when several circular, collective tombs like those were excavated. The excavation of a settlement confirmed the importance of the locale and for this reason the period c. 2500-2000 BC.

They are typical of burial mounds of about 2000 BC where the cremated remains of the community’s elders would have been buried. “Carbon dating should confirm that the burial mound dates to about 2000BC,” This means the Bronze Age graveyard dates back . They have already found a piece of pottery containing the remains of burnt shells. “It is possible that the enclosure could date as far back as 3000 BC,” “But we need to find more pottery that has decoration so we can provide a more accurate date to the site.”

Megalithic tombs research has a long history, inextricably linked with the development of archaeology itself. In the beginning (2400 b.c.-1200 A.D.) interest in for such interest consisted primarily of superstitious awe and religious inspiration. Beyond this, the curiosity of unknown prehistoric individuals can only be imagined.

However, many terms describing megalithic architecture were first recorded. During the Culture History and subsequent periods the Some felt that the chronology only needed minor adjustments and that new tomb excavations and large catalogs would explain the evolution of the tombs. Surprisingly the advent of C14 dating in the fifties, which revolutionized archaeology in many parts of the world, had little effect on dating tombs, C14 dates began to hint at the real antiquity of the tombs, but ceramic analysis continued to play the major role.

the relative chronology. Difficulties in various regional ceramic typologies were isolated and efforts have been made to overcome incongruencies between the typological method used for ceramics, problems in C14 dating, and theories on megalithic tomb evolution. and related pottery contributed. The origin of megalithic tombs , graves has been a matter of debate for centuries. The Eastern Tomb Origin Theory is currently not persuasive. The western origin is tainted by the diffusionists’ mind-set. It is contradicted by radiocarbon dates and the evolutionary trajectory of French tombs. The Autochthonous Theory is supported by a logical, chronological evolution of tomb types and their spatial distribution

The origin of megalithic tombs is an autochthonous development. This network was held together by a common ideology expressed through the building of monumental burial architecture which, Megalithic tomb construction expanded at different rates , The local and regional tomb types were derived from local traditions, local religious interpretations and customs tied to an interregional ideology.

CHRONOLOGICAL MODEL OF MEGALITHIC CHAMBER EVOLUTION

3600-2990/2860 B.C./2860-2400/2300 b.c. 3550/3500-3100 B.C.

3600-3290 B.C./2860-2610 b.c. [3550/3500-3100 B.C.

3600-3530 B.C./2860-2800 b.c. [3550/3500-3400 B.C.] Primeval-dolmen (urdolmen, normally parallel to long-mound)

3550-3460 B.C./2850-2750 b.c. Transitional dolmen (parallel/perpendicular to long-mound)

3550 B.C./2815 b.c. Top-entrance urdolmen 3530 B.C./2800 b.c. Half-height front-entrance urdolmen and square-dolmen 3500 B.C./2780 b.c. Extended-dolmen with axial capstone

3480-3290 B.C./2760-2610 b.c. [3400-3100 B.C.] Multiple side-stone dolmen (perpendicular to long-mound)

3480 B.C./2760 b.c. Rectilinear and polygonal extended-dolmen 3450 B.C./2740 b.c. Rectilinear and polygonal grand-dolmen

3400-3100/2970 B.C./2700-2490/2400 b.c. [3250-3100 B.C.] Passage-graves

3400-3290 B.C./2700-2610 b.c. Transitional chambers with passage

3400 B.C./2700 b.c. Large polygonal- and rectilinear-dolmen/protopassage-graves with angled/corner entrance and passage

3360-3100/2970 B.C./2650-2490/2400 b.c. [3250-3100 B.C.] Passage-graves*

3360 B.C./2650 b.c. Primeval passage-graves 3290 B.C./2610 b.c. Extended passage-graves 3240 B.C./2570 b.c. Grand passage-graves

3320-3100/2970 B.C./2630-2490/2400 b.c. [3250-3100 B.C.] Complex Chambers

3320 B.C./2630 b.c. Side-chamber passage-graves 3300 B.C./2620 b.c. End-chamber passage-graves 3290 B.C./2610 b.c. Double passage-graves 3260 B.C./2580 b.c. Triple passage-graves 3240 B.C./2570 b.c. Dual-passage chambers 3210 B.C./2560 b.c. Single chamber double passage-graves

3400-2860 B.C./2700-2300 b.c. Gallery-graves

3400 B.C./2700 b.c. Primeval gallery-graves with front- or side entrance 3290 B.C./2610 b.c. Extended gallery-graves with front- or side entrance 3240 B.C./2570 b.c. Grand gallery-graves with front- or side-entrance

From:- YOURS Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.

http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/

President:’Kutch Science Foundation’.

Founder :’Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club – Bhuj – Kutch’.

Life Member:’kutch Itihaas Parishad’.

kutchscience@yahoo.co.in, kutchscience@hotmail.com,

http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/

http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience

http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000

http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia

http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience

http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh

http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj

Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science Groups of India.



Jared

auskristie asked:


I am an Aussie archaeology student in the US for 6 months to a year. I am looking to do some archaeology/history volunteer work or internship whilst I am here. I have no idea how to go about starting this.

Cathy

Douglas Scott asked:


The Republic of Guatemala is a country in Central America, in the south of the continent of North America, bordering both the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea.

Guatemalan cuisine cant compete with that of Mexico, although standard Mexican fare such as tortillas and tacos can be found. You will encounter a lot of grilled or fried meat. Beans and rice are often the cheapest and best alternative and the country has a surprising number of Chinese restaurants. Coffee is available everywhere sometimes spectacularly good, but the best beans are typically exported. Beer is prevalent, in light and dark versions, and rum are the nations favoured drinks.

Guatemala is a colourful land of volcanoes, colonial cities, archaeology, wildlife in the heart of the Maya world. Most of the indigenous population live in the south of the country, and there are over 2000 archaeological sites, many of which have yet to be excavated. The Easter celebrations in Antigua are a riot of colour and sound. Bright carpets of sawdust and flowers are laid along the processional route.

There are many first class hotels in Guatemala City and throughout the country. Many offer excellent service in restaurants, bars and nightclubs.

Dry season is early October to May, but even in the rainy season showers generally fall only in the afternoons, except for September which can be very wet. There is usually a 6 week Indian summer in mid July. It is coolest in December and January, especially in the highlands. In the March and April are the hottest months and temperatures of 36 degrees and 85 percent humidity are not uncommon.

The total population 10 million, of whom 6 million are Mayan.

It is sometime described as a country without social or economic justice.

Education in rural areas is non existent, with the result that 50 percent of the people are illiterate. Half of the countries children suffer from malnutrition. The real power in Guatemala is in the hands of the Army. During more than 30 years of civil war, over 150,000 Guatemalans have been killed or disappeared, tens of thousands have been forced to flee to Mexico.

Guatemalas location on the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean makes it a target for hurricanes, such as Hurricane Mitch in 1998 and Hurricane Stan in October of 2005, which killed more than 1500 people. The damage was not wind related, but rather due to significant flooding.



Julio

Dr. Bhudia asked:


Subject: Canal structures of Ancient KUTCH SARASWATI Civilisation during the harrapan and post harrappan time

Date: Wed, 19 Dec 2007 13:46:48 +0000

Dear friends of science and Archaeology,

Canal structures of Ancient KUTCH SARASWATI Civilisation during the Harappan and post Harappan times

Many of us have visited Dholavira and seen water reservoir of the ancient time of Saraswati civilisation time.

But we do not see the actual irrigation channels of the water which brings the water to those reservoir nor the DAM area to elevate the water level of the river so water can travel through those channels to the reservoir with gravity force only.

But That’s the actual Beauty and the importance of those ANCIENT Architect of WATER Irrigation Engineering during the Ancient time of Saraswati civilisation time.

Actual Video recording film is available to see for reference is available in our Digital Library records of KUTCH SCIENCE FOUNDATION. A copy has been presented to the

Department of Archaeology government of Gujarat – BHUJ branch and also to the Ratanpar school archaeology museum near Dholavira.

Dholavira archaeology department office do have access to the Ratanpar school film copy. So any one visiting to Dholavira may use the facility and Copy of the Film at The RATANPAR SCHOOL.

Our Million Page digital library has developed more than 5000+ Books on all subjects of science Engineering and geo archaeology. More details are given in this Email.

But That’s not only in Dholavira but 100s of such Saraswati Civilisation Places of Ancient KUTCH. Many of such places we explored has undisturbed such Canal structures intact.

Here the composed picture has some of them and large composed picture is attached if one in email is not visible clearly.

Original Huge size pictures are available for reference in our Digital Library records of KUTCH SCIENCE FOUNDATION.

Pictures has views from canals of Harappan Bharasar Dam area , where underground water channels are also clearly visible and curved surface water canals are shown.

Straight Carved surface channel is also shown running along parallel to the river side has been also shown, in composed Photo.

Kotada Bhadli Gadh area. Has a River called GANGA vari river.

We have found the undisturbed dam area which is washed away in ancient time but above ground level shows clear mark-ation of the dam site and with a curved surface level canals of water few distance upstream of dam area.

Canals draws water to Gadh reservoir area to the GADH- central part of the Civilisation area. This water irrigation channels which brings the water with gravity force only to those reservoir from the elevated water level by DAM of the river

Now We are updating our Digital DATA libraries in Kutch Science Foundations & many more to come.

Now we have Thousands of Books on many subjects of Science and other subjects of Maths and engineering as well.

1) Thousands of books on Computer and IT Science libraries – 2000+ books

2) Books on Mathematics

3) Books On Astronomy and Space science including Asimov’s science fiction library.

4) Ancient Books of Astronomy Science

4) Home science and Cooking

6) Actuarial science and predictions

7) Physics Complete library. 100s of books

Chemistry Complete library 100s of Books

9) Biology Complete Library 100s of Books

10) Human Anatomy Science Medical Library

11) Full medical science library 100s of Books

12) Handicrafts and Stitching books

13) Robotic science and technology Books

14) Vedic (PURANs NAAD VEDAs) Library including all 18 Purans and 4 Vedas

15) Archaeological library

16) Geological Science Library including fossils and DINO fossils complete sets of Photographic libraries

17) History, Science Documentary and science Discoveries and civilisations Digital and digital Video libraries.

18) Reference Library of ancient civilisation and geological science library of Kutch

19) Reference Library for Birds and Environment & Nature library of Kutch

20) Digital Audio Library including Vedic audio, Asimov’s Science Fictions audio LibraryAnd many more to come.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL DETAILS OF MADHAPAR

Do not be surprised if you hear from any body that Madhapr of BHUJ – KUTCH is an Indus place.

Yes that is true. If you are in any doubt do not hesitate to contact the department of archaeology in bhuj near middle school of BHUJ.

ARCAEOLOGICAL information of MADHAPAR even before MADHAPAR was established at all in HARAPPAN TIME. MADHAPAR is an INDUS civilisation.

Records are in out Science library and in ARCHAEOLOGY department BHUJ branch of Govnt of GUJARAT archaeological DEPARTMENT.

Proofs of PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDS of our Archeology and science FOUNDATION LIBRARY records.

Area near the lake of MAGJIrai lake and area around it between river PAT of madhapar and River Dhoravaav is that area but as the area is industrialised and used for agriculture

and also lake has been dug out in past with new developments , all positive findings may be lost but that’s the BARE TRUTH.

PLACE NAMED WITH “RAI” ARE OLD LAKES ARE CIVILISATION PLACES

MOCHIRAI OF SUKHPAR – 40 HARAPPAN GRAVES ARE FOUND IN BAJARIYUN GAAM AREA

SADHURAI OF GODPAR, JAMORAI BETWEEN GODPAR & MANUKUVA, VICHANDRAI OF MANUKUVA AND MAGJIRAI OF MADHAPAR.

SAR – MEANS SAROVAR ARE OLD CIVILISATION PLACES IN KUTCH.

BALASAR VAGAD NEAR GADHADA RASAJI

BHARASAR – HARAPPAN DAM AREA,

VADASAR – TARO -TALAV AREA OF THE VILLAGE

SUMARASAR – NENUNI DHAR CIVILISATION

DEVISAR – HAS MORE THAN ONE AREA OF

CIVILISATION AREA DEVISAR AND JATAWADA

BHADRESAR – BHADRESWAR

KHIRASARA , DAHISARA , MODSAR, Anandsar

MORO – MORA MEANS TAKARO – TIMBO

SARLI TIMBO – JIWA TIMBO ARE

VEKARA TIMBO OF VAGAD

VEKRA RAMPAR OF BHUJ

MOMAY MORA etc

GADH AND GADHADA OF KUTCH

GADHADA OF KHADIR NEAR RATANPAR

GADHADA RASAJI NEAR BALASAR IN VAGAD

GADHSHISHA

DEVPARGADH

RAPAR GADH

GADHWARI WADI – MEGHPAR IN BHUJ

GADHWARIWADI – KHIRSARA NETRA NAKHATRANA

PANDYANO GADH etc

GADHADA OF BHAVNAGAR ON RIVER BANKS OF GHELO RIVER.

KOT – KOTADA – KOTDI OF KUTCH

KANTH KOT

KOTADA CHAKAR REHA – UGAMANA AND ATHAMANA KOTADA – GADHADO AREA HAS GADH IN GROUNDS

KOTADA BHADLI THARAVADA IN NAKHTRANA

Kotada (Roha) has OLD KOTDA near village Kotada and Khirasara

KOTADA THARAVADA IN ANJAR

KOTADA IN ZURA

KOTADA JADODAR

KOTADA – KOTADI OF DHOLAVIRA

KOTAY – KOTESHWAR

KATESHWAR – LAKHAPAT

LOTESHWAR – NARAYAN SAROVAR

ALSO KOTADA CHANDRANI

KOTAD AND KOTADA UNCHA OF MAHUVA BHAVNAGAR

KOTADA SANGANI ON BAY OF BANKS OF KUTCH – MORVI

5) WORLS FAMOUS PREJURASIC FOSSIL SITE, Geological treasures in MADHAPAR and geological features around Madhapar GANGESHWAR DOME AREA OF DUNGAR WARA MAHADEVA of MADHAPAR.

Proofs of PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDS of our GEOLOGY and science FOUNDATION LIBRARY records. on websites below.

http://in.ph.groups.yahoo.com/group/madhapar/photos

http://in.ph.groups.yahoo.com/group/madhapar/photos/browse/1aa7

http://in.ph.groups.yahoo.com/group/madhapar/photos/browse/c478

http://in.ph.groups.yahoo.com/group/madhapar/photos/browse/1c82

Email Contacts: DR. Bhudia – drbhudia@yahoo.co.uk, hirjipatel@cwctv.net, kutchscience@yahoo.co.in, kutchsciencefoundation@hotmail.com,

Webpages and Groups of Madhapar:-

http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience/madhapur/madhapur.htm

http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/madhapar/

From:- YOURS Dr.BHUDIA-Science Group Of INDIA.

http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/venustransit_2004/

President:’Kutch Science Foundation’.

Founder :’Kutch Amateurs Astronomers Club – Bhuj – Kutch’.

Life Member:’kutch Itihaas Parishad’.

kutchscience@yahoo.co.in, kutchscience@hotmail.com,

http://uk.geocities.com/wildlifeofkutch/

http://www.geocities.com/kutchscience

http://profiles.yahoo.com/kutchscience2000

http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/scienceclubofindia

http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kutchscience

http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/kachchh

http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/bhuj

Do visit our ABOVE Clubs/Groups of Science Groups of India.



Carol

Adam Singleton asked:


There aren’t many areas of the world that can claim to have been inhabited by people from as far back as the Neolithic period; but Amman in Jordan is one such location.

No visit to Amman is complete unless you take the time to explore these ancient roots. The city is the capital of Jordan, and while there are many modern sights to view, it is perhaps the ancient ones that draw the most attention from visiting tourists. It is this heady mix of sights that make Amman such a fascinating place to visit.

A classic example of this is the Roman theatre. It sits within the city and nestles alongside many modern buildings. Don’t miss the two museums that are on site as well; they provide another way to learn more about Amman.

You can also see what remains of the great Temple of Hercules. It is believed that the temple may not actually have been finished during the time it was built – back in 162 AD. But what remains today is still enchanting and takes you back to another age altogether.

The Citadel should definitely be the next stop on your list. This is actually one of the best places to take some pictures of the Temple of Hercules, so make sure you bring your camera along – you can also see the Omayyad Palace from here. Among other things, the Citadel also has a Byzantine church within it, a museum and a mosque.

Amman also benefits from the fact that all these outstanding – and quite humbling – sights are located very close together, making it is easy to walk between them all. The fact that the city is also situated high up gives you a great vantage point to look down below.

Another way to see some of the ancient sights and finds in Amman is to visit the many museums that are situated within the city. One of the best is the Jordan Archaeological Museum, which is on Citadel Hill. It offers exhibits which relate to many different ancient periods in time, which provide you with a better picture of the history of Amman. The museum itself has only been around since the 1950s, but it has established itself as a stunning and very worthwhile place to visit during any holiday to the city.

Once you arrive from your flights to Amman, it can prove beneficial to begin planning that all important itinerary before setting out to explore the many ancient sights the city has to offer.



Glenda